Will the first Mars mission force the space laundry question?
On the ISS, dirty laundry is burned by being de-orbited, rather than washed. Laundry on the ISS
As mission length increases, the mass of disposable clothing eventually makes laundry a necessity. One-year stints on the ISS have not forced re-use of clothing, but a 3 year âHohmann transferâ Mars mission might be pushing it. As I write this, I am wearing 1.2Kg of clothing. Switching out the belt and Levis could reduce that, but if I change clothes weekly, I would still likely go through 150Kg of clothing on a 3 year mission. That could be the mass budget for 2 additional svelte astronauts (as long as they are doing their laundry as well).
Humans defoliate about 1.5kg of skin cells and sweat out about 3kg of salt and urea each year, or a total of 13.5Kg of potentially recoverable nutrients during the voyage. These nutrients could be processed by a MELISSA-style bioreactor What are the results of the MELISSA project? if they were recovered in the laundry.
Nudism has been proposed as an alternative to laundry, but the utility of clothing goes beyond modesty. Nudism in space: Why wear clothes anyway?
Technical issues concerning space laundry were addressed in New spin on laundry day: How will ISS cope with washing machine vibration and angular momentum? and Washing clothes in space: are there any technical challenges?
As well as radiation and boredom, does laundry need to be added to the list of vital issues to be addressed for a viable crewed Mars mission?
I don't do mission planning so my thought on this is in no way definitive.
My thought is, though, that if you're willing to
sit in a small metal box that you can't leave, that you can't substantially change, and that protects you from all of the instant-death-causes that sit right outside the window,
be only with a few other people and have only limited contact with the rest of humanity including loved ones,
have extremely limited food/water such that rationing is pretty much standard, and to have to deal with the tensions that produces with your crew,
eat food and water that's either a) nutrient paste that tastes sort-of-normal or b) mostly your own recycled urine,
maintain the ship's systems with ruthless efficiency and deal with any problems that come up lest you die in the vacuum of space,
get onto weird sleep schedules because there's no day-night cycle without rotation (which I'm assuming we don't have, since if we do we should also be able to put a washing machine in there),
do all that and have to get several hours of exercise in every day to prevent your muscles from atrophying,
all with the psychological weight of the knowledge that you have nothing to do ever except your job and at any moment the engines could decide to explode and kill you and make it all for nothing,
you'd probably also be willing to change less often.
Building a humans-to-mars-capable spacecraft is likely going to be similar to another ISS. Building the ISS was already a huge pain, and it needs constant resupplies in order to sustain people for only years at a time. We're building something that would probably have some sort of landers/landing system and support people for several months/years without resupplies and without the chance for evacuation.
Add that to the fact that we're carrying some sort of landers, and ideally a lot of science equipment, and you're already talking about something beyond even today's super-heavy-lift rockets - you're talking multi-module, assembled-in-orbit spacecraft. A lot of proposals even involve exotic propulsion a-la-NERVA; all things considered, if we're carrying a lander around on one of those things, an extra 150 kg won't mean that much (the Apollo lunar lander modules were around 15.2 metric tons). Yes, it is still expensive to bring stuff to orbit, but if we're already talking about lugging around food/water/fuel for three years and Mars landing/exploration, it's gonna just get added under the "human resources" part of the manifest.
If we figure out how to make a space washer that's not too harsh on the water supply, or if we figure out how to build a really good bioreactor like MELISSA, or if we figure out fusion drives and weight becomes a non-issue, or if the astronauts just decide they don't really need the clothes anyway - great! The way it looks right now, if you asked NASA to answer in ten seconds, would be that they'd just replace a couple astronauts with clothes.